January 27, 2026

Uganda Safari Tours: Complete Planning Guide & Top Operators

Uganda is one of Africa’s most compact but ecologically diverse safari destinations.

In a country the size of a medium U.S. state you can encounter mountain gorillas in misty montane forest, chimpanzees in tropical rainforest, classic East African savanna mammal assemblages, vast wetlands, dramatic waterfalls and rugged, remote wilderness.

That concentration of extraordinary wildlife and landscapes makes Uganda an increasingly popular—and sometimes complex—place to plan a safari.

Quick overview — Bullet snapshot

Official regulators & sources to use when planning: Uganda Tourism Board (UTB) licensing pages for operators; Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) for permits, park rules and tariffs; Uganda Immigration / e-visa portal for entry/visa requirements; Uganda Ministry of Health and Civil Aviation Authority for vaccination rules and health entry notices. [1]
Essential legal/health requirements: e-visa via the official immigration portal; valid yellow fever vaccination certificate required on entry; malaria prophylaxis highly recommended and other travel vaccines advisable. [9]
Key high-value wildlife experiences: Mountain gorilla trekking (Bwindi, Mgahinga); chimpanzee tracking (Kibale, Budongo, Kyambura); boat safaris/Kazinga Channel and Nile launches (Queen Elizabeth, Murchison Falls); savanna game drives (Murchison Falls, Kidepo, Lake Mburo). [6][7][8]
Where to book permits & why: Gorilla and chimp permits and many park activities are managed by UWA and (for some fees) the UWA Conservation Tariff; book through licensed operators or directly through UWA/UTB-authorised channels. [5][6][1]
Top operational decision: Use a licensed, experienced Uganda-based operator for ground logistics and permit handling; international operators can coordinate flights and packages but should have local Ugandan partnerships and visible UTB licensing for their ground partners. [1][4]

1. How to use this guide (what you’ll find here)

This is a practical, single-stop manual. Sections include: entry & visa rules; permit and park fee mechanics; sample itineraries and travel timing; an authoritative list and explanation for selecting top operators (both Uganda-based and international operators that run Uganda tours); park-by-park logistics; health and safety requirements; conservation and ethical guidance; money, communications and insurance; packing and equipment; FAQs; and a complete references list of official and authoritative sources (government, UWA, UNESCO, WHO, CDC, IUCN).

All pricing, permit and regulatory facts are drawn from UWA, UTB and national government sources where possible; where no official consensus could be found I note that explicitly and flag the date.

2. Entry formalities: visas, immigration, yellow fever and passports

Visa — e-visa is the official route

Uganda operates an electronic visa & permit portal for tourism and business travel. Apply only via the official e-visa portal and follow the immigration guidance on documentation and fees. Avoid third-party visa sites that are not linked to the government portal. The Directorate of Immigration underscores that the official site is the only legitimate online application channel. [9][10]

Yellow fever vaccination — legal requirement

Under International Health Regulations and Uganda’s aviation/immigration practice, travellers aged 1 year and above must present a valid International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (yellow fever card) on arrival. Uganda’s Civil Aviation Authority and Ministry of Health confirm that arriving passengers without appropriate documentation may be vaccinated on arrival at their own cost. Carry both the physical certificate and a digital photo/scan. [11][12]

Passports & validity

Standard international practice applies: ensure your passport has sufficient blank pages and at least six months’ validity beyond your planned departure. Confirm any transit visa requirements for flights routing via other countries.

3. Permits, park fees and how they are collected

UWA Conservation Tariffs and where to find them

The Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) publishes an official Conservation Tariff (current multi-year PDF) which lists park entrance fees, gorilla and chimpanzee permit fees, boat launch fees and detailed conditions for each activity. This PDF is the authoritative tariff and is updated on a periodic schedule; it is the source authorities and operators use when calculating total trip cost. Read it before budgeting. [5]

Gorilla and chimpanzee permits — essential mechanics

Gorilla permits: Allocated per person per visit and strictly limited to protect gorillas (small group sizes, one-hour visits, health screening). UWA’s tariff and gorilla-tracking pages explain permitted numbers, rules, and the process for booking through UWA or licensed operators. Because permits are limited (often months in advance during peak season) operators handle permit reservations and timing. [5][6]
Chimpanzee permits: Similarly managed through UWA and park administrations (for Kibale and other forests). Pricing varies by site (e.g., Kibale vs Kyambura vs Kalinzu) and categories (foreign non-resident, foreign resident, East African). Reference the UWA tariff and park pages for the current schedule. [5]

Payment and receipts

Most park fees and permit payments are collected through UWA systems via operators or on arrival at park entry points when permitted; confirm with your tour operator that fees are included or shown separately on your invoice. Always request official receipts and, for permits, a written confirmation showing date, park, group and lead contact.

4. When to go — seasons, weather and photographic windows

Uganda straddles equatorial climate zones with two main rainy seasons (long rains roughly March–May and short rains October–November), though rainfall patterns vary by region. Practical implications:

Dry season advantages (June-September, December-February): Easier road access to remote parks (Bwindi access roads dry out), generally better trekking conditions and clearer wildlife viewing in savanna parks. Peak tourism months increase prices and competition for gorilla permits. [5][8]
Wet season advantages: Lush forest, dramatic river flows (Murchison, Nile), fewer crowds — but be prepared for muddy trails in gorilla zones and occasional road delays. Birding is excellent during and after rains. [7][8]

For gorilla trekking, the dry months are often preferred for trail conditions; however gorilla sightings occur year-round and the forest remains rewarding in green months.

5. Suggested itineraries — how to stitch experiences into realistic trips

Short highlights (5–7 days) — Gorilla focus

Day 1: Arrival Entebbe / Kampala; overnight.
Day 2: Drive or fly to Bwindi (overnight near park).
Day 3: Gorilla trek (one hour with gorillas); cultural community visit.
Day 4: Transfer to Queen Elizabeth (optional evening game drive).
Day 5: Kazinga Channel boat cruise; return to Kampala / fly home.

Classic 10–12 day circuit — gorillas, chimps, savanna

Kampala → Kibale (chimp tracking) → Queen Elizabeth (Kazinga boat, Ishasha tree lions) → Bwindi (gorillas) → Lake Bunyonyi or Lake Mburo for relaxed plains/wetland experience → return to Kampala.
Booking tip: include buffer days for internal flights or road delays and to accommodate permit availability. For cross-border itineraries (e.g., Uganda + Rwanda), ensure multi-entry visas or separate visas are planned and permit booking calendars align across countries.

6. Choosing Safari Tour Operators

Selecting the right operator is the most important operational decision you make. Below are rigorous, objective criteria and two curated operator lists: A) Uganda-based licensed operators (drawn directly from the Uganda Tourism Board (UTB) registered/ licensed directory) and B) selected international operators that commonly run Uganda itineraries and publish Uganda programmes (these companies are global operators that collaborate with local partners; treat them as examples of the international market).

How to evaluate an operator (the checklist)

UTB licensing: Confirm the operator appears in the Uganda Tourism Board licensed tour companies directory (UTB’s searchable list is the authoritative national registry). [1]
Local partnerships and in-country presence: For international operators, confirm they have a named Ugandan ground partner listed and that partner has a UTB license. [1][4]
UWA familiarity & permit experience: Operator should demonstrate UWA permit booking experience and be able to show recent park permit confirmations. [5][6]
Insurance & emergency procedures: Written evidence of evacuation/medical plan, contacts for medevac and insurance protocol. [5][15]
Conservation & community practice: Evidence of community benefit-sharing, employment of local guides, and adherence to UWA conservation rules (e.g., not exceeding gorilla group limits). [5][6][4]
References & transparent contracts: Clear cancellation, refund and force-majeure terms, and recent client references or institutional partners.

A. Uganda-based licensed operators

(These names are drawn from the official UTB licensed tour companies directory. Confirm current status on UTB’s site when booking.) Examples include: Gorilla Walking Safaris; Gorilla Safaris Uganda; Lineage Gorilla Safaris; Lionking Safaris Uganda; Outback Adventure Safaris; Otter African Safaris; Pamba Tours; Gorillas & Wildlife Safaris; Olives Expeditions; and other licensed operators listed in the UTB registry. Check the UTB licensed directory to confirm license numbers and contact email addresses before contracting. [1][2][4]

Note: The UTB licensed directory is long and periodically updated. Use UTB’s “Licensed Tour Companies” search function to validate license numbers and the official status of each operator prior to deposit/payment. [1]

B. International operators with Uganda programmes

Large international travel companies commonly offer multi-country East Africa itineraries that include Uganda gorilla and primate experiences. These include (examples): Abercrombie & Kent, G Adventures, Intrepid Travel, and smaller specialist international operators offering tailor-made wildlife tours. If you book through an international operator: verify the name of the Ugandan ground partner, request written confirmation of UTB licensing for that partner, and confirm that gorilla/chimp permits are included and have been reserved. [4][17][18][19]

Why split lists this way? UTB licensing is the legal baseline for operators working within Uganda. International operators often provide useful packaged services (international flights, visa assistance, higher production value), but the day-to-day experience will depend on the Ugandan ground partner — and that ground partner must be UTB-licensed. Always verify that link. [1][4]

7. Park-by-park planning: what each major park offers and logistic notes

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park — mountain gorillas & logistics

Highlight: One of the world’s premier gorilla habitats and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. UWA administers gorilla permits and enforces small group sizes, a one-hour viewing limit and strict health precautions. Bwindi has multiple access sectors (Nkuringo, Ruhija, Buhoma, Rushaga) with varying drive times from Kampala and Kisoro; road access can be slow—consider internal flights or plan overnights accordingly. [6][7][8]

Mgahinga Gorilla National Park — compact gorilla experience

Highlight: Smaller park with volcano hikes, golden monkey viewing and gorilla tracking in a less crowded setting; permits and rules follow UWA frameworks. Mgahinga’s highland terrain requires firm fitness and flexible weather planning. [3][5]

Kibale Forest National Park — chimpanzees and forest ecology

Highlight: One of East Africa’s best chimpanzee tracking sites; permit fees and rules are set by UWA and host park managers. Kibale pairs well with Queen Elizabeth for combined chimp + savanna itineraries. [5][6]

Queen Elizabeth National Park — Kazinga Channel & tree-climbing lions

Highlight: Excellent boat cruises on the Kazinga Channel, high bird diversity, and the Ishasha sector known for tree-climbing lions. Boat operations are managed under UWA guidance; safety protocols are mandated for river launches. [8][16]

Murchison Falls National Park — river safaris and big landscape

Highlight: Classic savanna big-game and the dramatic Victoria Nile falls. Boat cruises below the falls are offered by UWA and accredited providers; observe lifejacket and in-boat safety rules. Road distances are long from central Uganda — internal flights to nearby airstrips are common for faster itineraries. [8][16]

Kidepo Valley National Park — remote wilderness and plains

Highlight: Remote northern park with scenic, open plains and wildlife in a less-visited landscape. Logistics require planning for fuel, vehicle reliability and flexible scheduling; consider domestic flights where available. [8]

8. Health, safety and insurance — authoritative requirements and best practice

Vaccinations and public-health facts

Yellow fever: Mandatory proof on entry; vaccination centers and validation systems are managed by the Ministry of Health and the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). If you arrive without a certificate, authorities may offer vaccination at the port of entry at cost. [11][12]
Malaria: Uganda is a malaria transmission country (all areas). The CDC and WHO recommend appropriate chemoprophylaxis and consistent bite-avoidance measures: repellents (DEET/picaridin), permethrin-treated clothing, bed nets where required. Pack antimalarial tablets and speak to a travel clinician about the right regimen for you. [13]
Other vaccines: Routine immunizations (MMR, tetanus), hepatitis A, typhoid and—depending on exposure—rabies pre-exposure vaccination are commonly recommended. Check CDC and national ministry advice tailored to your itinerary. [13][12]

Emergency healthcare & medevac

Uganda has regional hospitals and private facilities in major centres (Kampala has higher-level private hospitals that can manage many emergencies). In remote parks, serious incidents typically require medevac to Kampala or transfer to regional referral hospitals; travel insurance that explicitly covers air evacuation is essential. Confirm local emergency contacts and the insurer’s process before you travel. [15][9][5]

Safety: wildlife, road, and urban

Wildlife: Stick to UWA rules on distance, stay in vehicles where instructed, and obey rangers during gorilla and chimp encounters. Boat safety around hippos and crocodiles requires lifejackets and crew guidance. [5][6][16]
Road safety: Rural roads can be rough; night driving in and out of parks is commonly restricted. Use licensed drivers and avoid self-driving in unfamiliar remote sectors unless experienced; ensure vehicles are well maintained and fitted with spare tires and recovery gear. [1][5]
Urban caution: Kampala and larger towns have ordinary urban crime risks; follow embassy travel advice, secure valuables and use reputable transport at night. Register with your embassy in country if available. [9][5]

9. Accommodation, internal travel and logistics

Internal flights vs road transfers

Domestic airlines offer small-plane flights to airstrips near Bwindi, Murchison and Kidepo — a big time-saver and recommended if budget allows. Road transfers are scenic and flexible for multi-stop circuits but can be slow on dirt roads during wet periods. Operators will typically recommend the best mix for your goals. [1][5]

Typical accommodation categories

Forest lodges (Bwindi/Mgahinga/Kibale): Small lodges and tented camps near trailheads; book early for gorilla season.
Savanna lodges & tented camps: From mid-range to luxury remote camps, often with game-drive pickup.
Community-run guesthouses: Offer cultural experiences and lower cost; check UTB and operator references. [1][4]

Food, water and electricity in the field

Many lodges provide safe food and water; in remote camping or very small guesthouses, take water purification tablets and basic immunization precautions. Power and charging vary — portable power banks and plug adapters are useful.

10. Price expectations & budgeting

Budget categories to include:

International flights (to Entebbe).
Visas & yellow fever vaccinations (certificate cost, if required).
Park fees & permits: Gorilla permits (premium priced) and chimp permits per UWA tariff; boat cruises and park entrance fees per UWA Conservation Tariff PDF. [5]
Operator package cost (lodging, guide, transport, meals) — ask for an itemised quote showing permits and park fees as separate line items.
Insurance & medevac (often an extra but essential cost).
Tips, community fees and optional activities.

Important evidence: UWA’s Conservation Tariff is the authoritative source for park fees and activity charges — always refer to it when comparing quotes to ensure permit charges are being handled correctly. [5]

11. Responsible travel & conservation: how tourism money is used

Tourism revenue in Uganda is explicitly linked to conservation and local economic benefit under UWA policy: a share of certain fees goes to community projects and conservation programmes (revenue-sharing mechanisms are described in UWA policy and tariff documents).

Gorilla permits in particular are a major funding stream for local conservation, anti-poaching and community projects around Bwindi and Mgahinga — which is why gorilla tourism is carefully managed. When selecting an operator look for transparent community benefit programs or partnerships with local health, education or park ranger initiatives. [5][8][6]

For human–wildlife conflict policy and mitigation frameworks used in conservation planning, consult the IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence — these provide best-practice frameworks relevant to Uganda’s park communities and conservation agencies. [20][6]

12. Practical packing, photography & fieldcraft

Essential kit

Footwear: waterproof trekking boots for gorilla treks; comfortable closed shoes for savanna game drives.
Clothing: quick-dry layers, long sleeves and long trousers (mosquito protection), rain shell.
Insect protection: high-strength repellents (DEET or picaridin), permethrin treatment for clothing, travel mosquito net (if staying in basic accommodations). [13]
First-aid & meds: personal prescriptions, basic kit, oral rehydration salts, anti-diarrhoeal medication and antibiotics as advised by your travel clinic. [15]
Photography: sturdy zoom lens (200–400mm ideal for game), macro or wide lens for forest wildlife and landscapes, spare batteries and protective rain covers. Respect UWA rules on flash and close-approach for primates. [6]

Field etiquette & photography rules

Follow ranger instructions for distance and no-flash rules for gorillas and chimpanzees. For boat trips, remain seated and avoid dangling limbs; for vehicle game drives, do not stand on roof hatches unless guide instructs and it is safe.

13. Top operators

This section gives a short, actionable profile and verification note for operators. For Uganda-based operators use UTB for license verification; for international operators use the operator’s own public programme pages and verify Ugandan ground partners and UTB licensing.

Uganda-based operators

Use the UTB “Licensed Tour Companies” page to confirm license numbers and contact details before booking. Example Uganda-based names found in UTB’s registry: Gorilla Walking Safaris; Gorilla Safaris Uganda; Lineage Gorilla Safaris; Lionking Safaris Uganda; Otter African Safaris; Outback Adventure Safaris; Pamba Tours; Gorillas & Wildlife Safaris; Olives Expeditions; and many others. Always check the UTB directory entry for current license number and email contact. [1][2]

How to verify: Search the UTB licensed tour companies list, confirm the company name, licence number and email, then ask the operator to provide a copy of their UTB license and recent UWA permit confirmations for the exact dates you plan to travel. [1]

International operators

Large international operators run Uganda itineraries through in-country partners; examples of reputable international companies that publish Uganda programmes include Abercrombie & Kent, G Adventures, Intrepid Travel and others. When booking internationally:

Ask the company for the exact Ugandan ground partner name and the UTB licence number for that partner.
Confirm that gorilla/chimp permits are included in the package and that permit reservation confirmations are supplied prior to final payment. [17][18][19]

Why check local licensing: International operators contract ground services to Ugandan partners who must hold UTB licences; the legal contract and local knowledge are what ensure permits, park access and in-field safety. Confirm that link in writing. [1][4]

14. Payment, deposits, cancellations and scams — what to watch for

Pay to licensed entities: Make deposits to the operator’s business account (confirm via UTB/CDO company detail) rather than to personal accounts. Ask for invoices on company letterhead showing UTB license number. [1]
Gorilla permit scams: Because permits have high dollar value, only book permits through UWA-authorised channels and insist on written permit allocation references. If an operator promises permits but cannot show evidence in writing prior to charging, decline. [5][6]
Visa fraud & e-visa caution: Use the official immigration e-visa portal; several fraudulent third-party visa sites are active and may charge extra or misuse passport information. Official guidance from Uganda’s embassy offices emphasizes use of the government portal. [9][10]

15. Accessibility, fitness and special needs

Gorilla trekking fitness: Gorilla treks can range from short, moderate walks to long, steep, muddy treks requiring good balance and fitness. Discuss mobility needs with the operator—some gorilla families are accessible on shorter trails, but alternatives are limited. [6]
Medical conditions: Disclose major health conditions on booking so operators can plan for medevac and appropriate guides. Ensure your travel insurance covers existing conditions. [15]

16. Community tourism, Batwa experiences and ethical cultural visits

Many operators offer Batwa (indigenous community) cultural experiences near Bwindi/Mgahinga that support local livelihoods — but approaches vary. Choose operators that show transparent, community-led benefit schemes (documented revenue-sharing, employment, and community consent). UWA and UTB encourage community benefit as part of sustainable tourism models. [5][4]

17. What to do if things go wrong: complaints, lost permits, medical emergencies

Immediate: Contact your operator’s emergency number and the lodge manager. Operators should have documented emergency procedures. [1]
Park incidents: Report wildlife or park incidents to UWA contact numbers (UWA publishes central phone and office contacts). [8][6]
Medical evacuation: Contact insurer and local hospital as per your policy; private hospitals in Kampala can arrange international transfers where needed. [15]
Embassy support: Notify your embassy/consulate; register travel plans through your government’s travel enrolment portal for better support. [9][5]

18. FAQs

Q1 — How long in advance should I book gorilla permits?
A: Book as early as possible—permits are limited and often sold months in advance for peak dry season months. Operators typically hold permit allotments so ask them to confirm permit allocation in writing before final payment. Refer to UWA tariff and permit booking process as the authoritative schedule. [5][6]

Q2 — Can I buy permits directly from UWA?
A: Some permits and park fees can be arranged via UWA channels, but many visitors use licensed operators who manage permit bookings, transport and logistics. Confirm the booking channel and insist on documented evidence of the permit reservation. [5][1]

Q3 — Are chimp treks and gorilla treks dangerous?
A: When rules and ranger instructions are followed, risks are low. The main safety concerns are disease transmission (thus health rules and distance requirements), rough terrain and the physical challenge of trekking. UWA rules and ranger protocols exist to mitigate these risks. [6][5]

Q4 — Is Uganda safe overall for solo female travellers?
A: Many solo travellers visit Uganda safely each year; use standard travel precautions (secure accommodation, reputable operators, avoid isolated areas after dark). Consult embassy advisories for country-level security alerts and the operator’s safety measures. [9][5]

Q5 — What if I’m sick before a gorilla trek?
A: Do not attend if you have respiratory symptoms or an infectious illness. UWA and park rules require that symptomatic people avoid primate encounters to protect endangered apes. Refunds or rescheduling depend on operator policy—ask about sickness cancellation terms when booking. [6][5]

Q6 — How do I verify an operator’s UTB license?
A: Use the UTB licensed tour companies directory and search the operator name to confirm the licence number, email and registration details prior to deposit. [1]

Q7 — How much of the permit fee supports local communities?
A: UWA’s revenue-sharing and community benefit mechanisms allocate a proportion of park income to community projects; the details and percentages are published in UWA policy and tariffs. Check those documents and ask operators to explain community contributions for your trip. [5][8]

Q8 — Are there restrictions on photography?
A: Yes—no flash photography near primates, and keep camera noise/approach minimal. Follow ranger guidance for safe distances and behaviour. [6]

Q9 — Can I combine Rwanda and Uganda gorilla treks?
A: Yes—many itineraries combine Uganda and Rwanda. Each country issues its own permits and has different permit prices and booking processes; plan logistical transfer times and visa requirements carefully. [5][6][17]

Q10 — Should I tip guides and lodge staff?
A: Tipping is customary. Ask your operator for local custom guidance and consider tipping as part of your budgeting. Some operators operate pooled tip systems for staff. [4][1]

References

Uganda Tourism Board — Licensed Tour Companies. https://utb.go.ug/licensed-tour-companies/
Uganda Tourism Board — Home / Official site. https://utb.go.ug/
Uganda Tourism Board — Registration and licensing of tourism facilities and services in Uganda. https://utb.go.ug/registration-and-licensing-of-tourism-facilities-and-services-in-uganda/
Association of Uganda Tour Operators (AUTO) — Membership Directory / Tour operators. https://ugandatouroperators.org/tour-operators/
Uganda Wildlife Authority — UWA Conservation Tariff (July 2024–June 2026) (PDF). https://ugandawildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/UWA-Conservation-Tariff-July-2024-June-2026.pdf (PDF)
Uganda Wildlife Authority — Gorilla tracking (official UWA activities page). https://ugandawildlife.org/activities/gorilla-tracking/
Uganda Wildlife Authority — Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (official park page). https://ugandawildlife.org/national-parks/bwindi-impenetrable-national-park/
UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (listing). https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/682/
Uganda Electronic Visa/Permit Application System (official). https://visas.immigration.go.ug/
Uganda Directorate of Immigration — Visas and Passes (official). https://immigration.go.ug/
Uganda Civil Aviation Authority — Aviation health tips (yellow fever advice at ports of entry). https://caa.go.ug/aviation-health-tips/
Ministry of Health — Republic of Uganda (official). https://health.go.ug/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) — Uganda travel health information (Travelers’ Health). https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/uganda
World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Africa — Uganda declares end of Ebola outbreak (press statement). https://www.afro.who.int/countries/uganda/news/uganda-declares-end-ebola-outbreak
Uganda National Health Facility Registry (NHFR) — master facility list and health facility resources. https://nhfr.health.go.ug/
Uganda Wildlife Authority — Queen Elizabeth National Park and Kazinga Channel (park page). https://ugandawildlife.org/national-parks/queen-elizabeth-national-park/
Abercrombie & Kent — Uganda gorilla and wildlife programmes (example international operator programmes). https://www.abercrombiekent.com/tailormade/gorilla-trekking-in-uganda
G Adventures — Uganda trips & gorilla trekking (example international operator programmes). https://www.gadventures.com/destinations/africa/uganda-tours/
Intrepid Travel — Uganda & gorilla trek itineraries (example international operator programmes). https://www.intrepidtravel.com/en/uganda/uganda-gorilla-trek-independent-short-break-166851
IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) — Guidelines on Human-Wildlife Conflict and Coexistence (first edition) (PDF). https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2023-009-En.pdf (PDF)

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