January 27, 2026

Rwanda Safari — 2026 Guide for First Time Visitors

Rwanda is a compact, rigorously managed safari destination that delivers three world-class wildlife experiences in close proximity: mountain gorillas in Volcanoes National Park, chimpanzees and montane forest wildlife in Nyungwe, and Big-5 savannah safaris in Akagera. [5]

This Complete Guide (2026) walks you through everything you need to plan, book and enjoy an official, legal and conservation-minded Rwanda safari — permits and tariffs, visa and health rules, park-by-park logistics, sample itineraries, realistic budgeting, safety and etiquette, and the official contacts you must use to book. [1]

Key facts

Capital / gateway: Kigali; international arrivals at Kigali International Airport (KGL). [10]
Official tourism authority and permit seller: Rwanda Development Board (RDB) via VisitRwanda bookings portal. [1][2]
Mountain gorillas: Volcanoes National Park (RDB-managed permits; limited daily quotas). [1]
Chimpanzees and montane forest: Nyungwe Forest National Park (permits & bookings via RDB). [5]
Savannah & boat safaris (Big-5 reintroductions, rhinos): Akagera National Park (RDB and partners; bookings via VisitRwanda/Akagera management). [6][11]
Gorilla permit (official RDB booking portal): US$1,500 per permit for most foreign non-residents as published on the RDB booking portal. [1]
Visa & entry: Apply via the Directorate General of Immigration and Emigration; many nationalities can get visa on arrival or e-visa but check the official portal for your nationality. [4]
Health: Yellow fever certificate rules are applied for travellers coming from yellow-fever endemic countries; malaria prophylaxis and routine vaccinations are recommended — check RBC and WHO/CDC before travel. [9]
Best months for wildlife viewing: Dry seasons — June–September and December–February — are generally best for trekking and game viewing. [5][6]

Best months

Optimal windows: June–September and December–February — dryer trails, better game concentration in savannahs and easier access to mountain trails for gorillas and chimps. [5][6][1]
Shoulder / wet months: March–May and October–November bring more rain. Nyungwe and Volcanoes may be misty and slippery in the rains, but birding and forest ambience can be exceptional. Official park pages advise seasonal differences per park. [6]

Permit / park fee highlights (official)

All official permits and the primary booking gateway for gorilla, chimpanzee and other special permits are published and sold through RDB’s VisitRwanda bookings portal; the portal is the authoritative booking channel for permit issuance and rescheduling. [1][3]
Gorilla trekking permits: The RDB VisitRwanda booking portal lists the gorilla permit price as US$1,500 per person for the tourist permit category shown on the portal. [1]
Discounts and packages: RDB operates low-season discounts and combined-park promotion rules (for example, limited discounted permits when combining Volcanoes with Akagera or Nyungwe) that are advertised on the official VisitRwanda booking pages; follow those official pages for eligibility rules. [3]
Other activity permits: Golden monkey tracking, chimp tracking and other special activities are bookable through the same RDB portal and list official prices there (for example, golden-monkey fees appear on the portal). [1][5]
Why use the official channels: RDB is the statutory authority for Rwanda tourism permits and its portal issues legally valid confirmations; permits bought outside RDB’s system may lack official validation. [1][2]

Always confirm exact tariffs, availability and rescheduling/cancellation conditions directly on the RDB booking portal for your travel dates. [1][3]

1. Why go on safari in Rwanda?

Rwanda’s safari offer is deliberately compact and conservation-focused. The country protects significant montane forests in the Albertine Rift (Volcanoes and Nyungwe) and savannah-wetland mosaics in the east (Akagera). That ecological variety—dense montane rainforest housing an ever-growing mountain gorilla population plus canopy forests teeming with chimpanzees and a restored Big-5 savannah park—gives travellers concentrated, high-value wildlife encounters with lower travel times between highlights. [5][6][1][11]

Mountain gorilla tourism in Volcanoes National Park is tightly quota-managed and sold through a single official channel to control numbers, maximize protection and funnel funds back to park management and communities. [1][2] RDB’s permit system is therefore both a visitor booking platform and a conservation tool: revenue from permits directly supports rangers, habitat management and community benefit programs described in official RDB documents and park management plans. [11]

Beyond the flagship primates, Akagera’s rehabilitation and species reintroductions — managed by RDB and partners — have restored lions and rhinos to a landscape that once lost large mammals; this demonstrates how tourism and formal management can re-establish ecosystem functions. [6] For short itineraries, Rwanda offers world-class primate encounters in a tidy, well-regulated package where official booking channels, clear conservation funding mechanisms, and small travel distances combine for a high-impact, low-footprint safari. [6]

2. Quick planning checklist

Book gorilla permits through RDB’s official VisitRwanda bookings portal as early as possible; permits are strictly limited. [1][3]
Check visa rules and apply via the Directorate General of Immigration and Emigration / official e-visa channels. [4]
Confirm health requirements (yellow fever rules if transiting from endemic countries; malaria prophylaxis) with Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC) and WHO/CDC. [7]
Reserve domestic transfers and internal flights early if you plan to use air access to Volcanoes or Akagera. RDB park pages list recommended access routes. [5]
Keep printed copies of all RDB permit confirmations and your visa/e-visa; parks may require printed permits at check-in. [3]
Choose licensed, RDB-registered guides and accommodations (RDB maintains operator and lodge listings). [10]
Buy travel insurance that includes emergency evacuation for gorilla tracking or remote fieldwork. Official health pages advise on local medical capacity. [7]

3. Permits, fees & how to book (official procedure)

Where the rules and costs are published

RDB publishes permit types, booking rules and prices on its official VisitRwanda booking portal and via RDB press releases and notices; these are the authoritative sources for permit prices and booking mechanics. [1][2][3]

Gorilla permits — official price & quotas

RDB’s VisitRwanda booking portal lists the standard gorilla trekking permit at US$1,500 per person for the principal international tourist category shown on the portal. [1]
Permit availability is limited by the number of daily permits allocated; RDB’s portal and statements explain the quota system and the need for advance booking. [1][3]
RDB maintains occasional low-season discounts and combined-park concessions on the booking portal; eligibility rules (for example, stay length or park combinations) are shown on the portal. [3]

Other park permits and activities (official)

Golden monkey tracking, chimpanzee treks, park entry, boat activities and guided walks are formally listed and bookable via the RDB portal; the portal displays the official prices and booking steps for each activity. [1][5]
Akagera bookings for game drives and boat trips are coordinated through RDB/Akagera management and official booking pages; check the park’s official pages for activity schedules and official service descriptions. [6][11]

How to book — official steps

Use RDB’s VisitRwanda bookings portal to select the permit or activity, choose dates and complete the official payment process. The portal issues the official permit confirmation. [1][3]
For visas, use the Directorate General of Immigration and Emigration official portal / e-visa channel for your nationality and follow their instructions. [4]
If an operator offers to book on your behalf, ensure they provide the official RDB confirmation number and proof of payment from the RDB portal — otherwise request that you be issued the permit directly through RDB. [1][3]

Cancellation, rescheduling & refunds (official)

RDB’s booking portal publishes reschedule and cancellation rules for permits and the processing fee structure; consult the specific permit page during booking for the exact terms that apply to your reservation. [1][3]
If a permit’s cancellation policy is unclear on the portal, contact RDB’s official booking support channels shown on the portal for authoritative guidance. [1]

Fraud & scam avoidance (official guidance)

Only accept permits that originate from RDB’s official VisitRwanda portal or clearly show official RDB reference numbers and invoices. [1][3]
RDB discourages and corrects false reporting about permits via official press statements; always cross-check a permit confirmation with RDB if you suspect irregularity. [2]
If a seller cannot demonstrate a valid RDB booking confirmation, do not pay — contact RDB directly. [1][2]

4. Where to go — national parks & highlights (official RDB park pages)

The three core parks and what to expect (official descriptions and guidance follow RDB park pages and management announcements).

Volcanoes National Park — mountain gorillas & Virunga slopes

What to see: Mountain gorillas (habituated family visits), golden monkeys, volcano hikes and Dian Fossey memorial sites. [1][5]
Best time: Dry seasons (June–Sep, Dec–Feb) generally ease trekking; permits are valid year-round but trail conditions change with rain. [5]
Activities: Gorilla trekking (permits via RDB), golden monkey tracking, volcano hikes (Bisoke, Karisimbi), cultural visits. [1][5]
Difficulty/access: Treks vary from short, gentle walks to steep, multi-hour ascents — fitness levels required vary by gorilla family and season. [5]
Ideal for: Primates-focused travellers and photographers who prioritize a regulated, in-depth gorilla experience. [1][5]

Nyungwe Forest National Park — chimpanzees, canopy walks & montane diversity

What to see: Chimpanzees, colobus monkeys, numerous primate species, and cloud-forest biodiversity. [5]
Best time: Dry seasons recommended for easier canopy walk access and trails but prime birding is year-round. [5]
Activities: Chimpanzee tracking (book via RDB), canopy walkway, guided forest walks and birding. [5]
Difficulty/access: Forest trails can be muddy and involve elevation change; guided treks recommended. [5]
Ideal for: Primate enthusiasts, birders, and forest trekkers. [5]

Akagera National Park — savannah, lakes and restored Big-5

What to see: Reintroduced lions and rhinos, elephants, buffalo, hippos, crocodiles and abundant waterbirds on Lake Ihema. [6][11]
Best time: Dry season for game concentration; boat safaris on Lake Ihema are productive year-round though water levels affect sightings. [6]
Activities: Guided game drives, boat cruises, walking safaris, night drives and community visits. [6]
Difficulty/access: Easily accessible from Kigali (approx. 2–3 hour drive); suitable for classic safari vehicles. [6]
Ideal for: Guests wanting a short, accessible Big-5 safari with boat components and good photographic opportunities. [6][11]

Lesser-known or complementary areas (official)

Gishwati-Mukura (forest restoration and primate habitats), Nyabarongo wetlands and community conservancies are managed through national conservation strategies and RDB/African Parks partnerships; consult RDB and environment ministry planning docs for protected area status and access rules. [6][11][12]

(All park summaries above are pulled from RDB and park pages; use the RDB VisitRwanda site and Akagera/RDB press materials for trail-level and activity specifics.) [1][5][6][11]

5. Sample itineraries (realistic) — distances, flights vs roads (official access notes)

These sample itineraries are practical, using official RDB guidance about park access and local transfer realities.

Notes on internal travel & timing (official)

Kigali → Volcanoes (Musanze/Kinigi area) is roughly a 2–3 hour road transfer depending on traffic and route; RDB travel pages and park access notes provide standard transfer advice. [5][1]
Kigali → Akagera is roughly 2–3 hours by road; Akagera’s management and RDB recommend road access for most visitors. [6]
Nyungwe access from Kigali is a longer drive (approx. 5–6 hours) or an overnight stop; RDB suggests planning for road travel times in itineraries. [5]

5-day compact gorilla + savannah sample

Day 1: Arrive Kigali; overnight in Kigali. [10]
Day 2: Road transfer to Volcanoes (Musanze/Kinigi), pre-trek briefing. [5]
Day 3: Gorilla trek (official RDB permit) and afternoon cultural visit. [1][5]
Day 4: Transfer back toward Kigali with stop en route; continue to Akagera (if time/flight) or overnight in Kigali and proceed next day. [6][10]
Day 5: Akagera boat cruise or morning game drive; transfer back to Kigali for outbound flight. [6][10]

8–10 day classic (gorillas, chimps, savannah)

Days 1–2: Kigali arrival and transfer to Nyungwe (or stop en route); chimp tracking and canopy walk. [5]
Days 3–5: Transfer toward Volcanoes via Butare/Gisovu loop or return to Kigali and onward to Volcanoes; gorilla trek and cultural experiences. [5][1]
Days 6–8: Transfer to Akagera for Big-5 drives and lake cruise; return to Kigali. [6][10]

12–14 day extended (relaxed pace, more time for wildlife)

Build in extra nights to absorb road transfers, include walking safaris, community visits, and optional activities such as volcano summits or additional birding sessions. RDB park pages list day-by-day activity options and recommended stay lengths. [1][5][6]

(For all itineraries, use RDB’s official booking portal for permits and check park access notes for seasonal trail constraints.) [1][3][5]

6. Costs & budgeting (officially grounded framework)

RDB lists the core official permit prices on its bookings portal; lodge, transport and charter flight costs are commercial and set by private operators (RDB lists registered providers but does not set their prices). [1][15]

Official permit headline (from RDB portal)

Gorilla permit: US$1,500 per person (standard tourist permit shown on the RDB booking portal). [1]
Golden monkey, chimp tracking and other activity prices: published on RDB’s booking portal for each activity; consult the portal for the exact figure relevant to your nationality/residence status. [1][5]

Accommodation & transport (commercial)

Budget: Guesthouses and community lodges outside parks; combine with official RDB permits and self-pack transport to reduce costs. [1]
Mid-range: Lodge rooms outside park boundaries or standard tented camps; price varies widely by season and operator. [15]
Luxury: Exclusive lodges in/near parks with high per-night tariffs; these are commercial and vary by operator. RDB lists registered operators but does not publish their rates. [15]

Typical daily spend bands (indicative)

Budget traveller (excluding international flights and gorilla permits): economical guesthouse, shared transfers, park entry fees — still add official permit fees as required. (Official park fees are fixed on RDB pages; accommodation is commercial.) [1][15]
Comfort traveller: Mid-range lodges with guided activities, private transfers — gorilla permits remain the single largest fixed cost per person. [1][15]
Luxury traveller: Private guides, charter flights and exclusive lodge packages — commercial prices vary and can make the trip several times the permit amount. [15]

Money-saving strategies (official-minded)

Book permits early to secure standard rates and avoid inflated secondary reseller pricing; purchase via RDB’s portal. [1]
Use low-season official discounts where eligible (RDB posts limited low-season discount rules). [3]
Combine parks efficiently to minimize internal flight charters (but weigh time cost against comfort). RDB access guidance helps plan overland connections. [1][5][6]

Note: RDB sets permit prices and publishes them on its booking portal; lodging, charter flight and road-transfer rates are commercial and must be obtained from RDB-registered operators or the operators themselves. [1][15]

7. Practical logistics

How to get there (official entry points)

International arrival: Kigali International Airport (KGL) is Rwanda’s international gateway and the official arrival point recommended on government travel pages. [10]
Visa & entry: Use the Directorate General of Immigration and Emigration official pages for visa rules, e-visa application and on-arrival procedures; many nationalities can obtain visa on arrival but confirm via the official portal. [4]

Internal flights & transfers (official advice)

RDB and park pages recommend road transfers for Akagera and Nyungwe and short road transfers to Volcanoes from Musanze/Kinigi; RDB lists recommended operators and suggests internal flight charters only by licensed companies for remote or time-sensitive transfers. [1][5][6]
For groups with limited time, RDB’s booking portal and partner operator lists provide contacts for charter options and recommended ground transfer times. [1][15]

Road conditions & driving

Rwanda’s main tourist routes are generally well maintained; however, mountain roads near Volcanoes can be steep and slippery when wet and require cautious driving. Official RDB and park pages advise travellers to plan travel times conservatively. [5][1]
If self-driving, confirm insurance and RDB/operator rules regarding park access and vehicle types. RDB lists licensed operators for vehicle hire. [1][15]

Accommodation types & official listings

RDB maintains and publishes lists of registered lodges, camps and community accommodation options on its tourism pages; use those official lists to verify a property’s registration and licensing. [15][1]

Connectivity, ATMs & money

Official RDB guidance notes that connectivity and ATM access are reliable in Kigali and Musanze but may be limited in parts of Nyungwe and within some park areas — carry official printed permit confirmations and adequate cash for local purchases, while relying on RDB’s online payment for the permit itself. [1][15]
Confirm payment methods during booking on RDB’s portal; the portal will display accepted payment forms. [1][3]

Tipping norms (official)

No centralized official tipping guidance is published on RDB or Directorate pages as of January 26, 2026. If you need a formal amount, ask your lodge or guide; RDB lists registered service providers but does not publish national tipping rates. No official guidance found on tipping norms as of January 26, 2026; secondary sources differ. [1][15]

8. Safety, rules & etiquette (official park rules)

Official rules for wildlife interactions (RDB park guidance)

RDB and park pages and the Volcanoes/Nyungwe park briefings emphasize: stay with your assigned guide, comply with ranger instructions, do not feed or touch wildlife, and carry your permit on the trek. [1][5]
Primate health precautions: RDB’s official primate-trekking pages outline minimum distance and behavior rules to limit disease transmission; follow the guide’s instructions about masks, coughing etiquette and not touching plants/animals. [1][5]

Gorilla-specific conduct (official)

RDB’s permit pages and briefing procedures define the regulated viewing period and group conduct for gorilla treks (one-hour observation windows and strict conduct rules during the encounter). [1][3]
Flash photography and overcrowding rules are controlled by the guide and the park; obey your guide and the park briefing. [1][5]

Photography & filming (official)

RDB and park rules prohibit behavior that disturbs wildlife; official permit pages list photography rules and any additional permits required for commercial filming — consult RDB’s portal for commercial filming authorization. [1][3]

Cultural etiquette (official guidance)

RDB encourages respectful engagement with communities and guided community visits through their listed community experiences; always ask permission before photographing people and follow community hosts’ instructions. [1][15]

9. Responsible travel & conservation (official mechanisms)

How tourism revenue is used (official)

RDB and park management announcements describe how permit revenue funds ranger patrols, anti-poaching, habitat management and community benefit programs; RDB press releases document projects funded by tourism income. [1][2][11]
Akagera’s reintroductions and Nyungwe conservation partnerships are examples where official management and partner funding use tourism revenue for species recovery and protected area management. [6][11]

Practical responsible behaviours (officially encouraged)

Buy permits only through RDB’s portal; use RDB-registered guides and operators and follow all park rules and health precautions to reduce disease risk to primates. [1][3][5]
Minimize single-use plastics, stay on designated trails, and participate in community tourism offerings listed on official RDB community pages. [1][15]

10. What to pack — detailed checklist

Essentials (officially sensible & park-tested)

Passport, printed e-visa/visa and printed RDB permit confirmations (parks may request permits at entry). [4][1]
International Certificate of Vaccination (yellow card) if arriving from a yellow-fever endemic country or if required by screening rules. [7][9]
Malaria prophylaxis (prescription), insect repellent and a basic first-aid kit; official RBC and CDC travel pages recommend malaria prevention. [7][8]
Sturdy, comfortable hiking boots, lightweight waterproof jacket and layers for mountain climates (Volcanoes/Nyungwe). [5][1]
Binoculars, camera with telephoto lens, spare batteries and memory cards (charging limited in remote locales). [15]
Reusable water bottle, sun protection and headlamp. [15]

Specialist items

Face mask (if required by park briefing to reduce disease risk near primates), gaiters for muddy trails, and gloves if advised by guides; follow RDB primate-trekking briefing instructions. [1][5]

11. Health & vaccinations — verified official guidance

All health statements below reflect official Rwanda health authorities (RBC / Ministry of Health) and international agencies (WHO, CDC); always confirm within days of travel. [7][8][9]

Yellow fever — official position & entry rules

Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC) / Ministry of Health guidance states that a yellow-fever vaccination certificate is required for travelers arriving from yellow-fever endemic countries or countries with active transmission; travellers from non-endemic countries are generally not required to show a certificate. [7]
RBC explicitly notes that travellers from endemic countries may be vaccinated on arrival if needed and that a certificate is the standard proof; RDB and RwandAir have communicated the same procedures in official notices. [7][1][10]
If you transit through or come from a yellow-fever risk country, carry an International Certificate of Vaccination (yellow card). Official RBC and WHO maps and lists indicate which countries are classified as yellow-fever risk, and CDC guidance confirms similar rules. [7][9][8]

Routine & recommended vaccines

Routine immunisations should be up to date as per WHO guidance; RBC and WHO country pages list routine vaccine expectations. [9][7]

Malaria & vectorborne disease (official)

CDC and WHO advise that malaria is present in Rwanda and recommend antimalarial prophylaxis for travellers; check CDC’s country page for the specific recommended regimens and RBC for local advisories. [8][9]

Emergency medical care & evacuation (official advice)

RBC and RDB note that major medical services are available in Kigali, but remote parks have limited on-site care; travellers are advised to have travel insurance covering evacuation for gorilla tracking or remote field activities. [7][1]

If you need to know whether Rwanda requires a specific vaccine for all arrivals (not just arriving from endemic countries), no official national rule imposing universal mandatory vaccination for all arrivals (regardless of origin) was found on RBC/Ministry or Directorate immigration pages as of January 26, 2026; the standard is certificate verification for travellers arriving from or transiting through yellow-fever risk areas. No official guidance found that universal yellow-fever vaccination is required for all arrivals as of 2026-01-26; requirements depend on origin/transit. [7][9][4]

12. FAQs

What is the official gorilla permit price?
RDB’s VisitRwanda booking portal lists the standard gorilla permit price as US$1,500 per person for the principal tourist category posted on the portal. [1]
How long does a gorilla trek last on site?
Official RDB briefings and permit conditions set a regulated viewing period (one hour) for gorilla encounters; follow the guide’s instructions. [1][5]
How far in advance should I book gorilla permits?
Because permits are limited daily, RDB strongly recommends booking months in advance for peak seasons; check the portal for availability. [1][3]
Do I need a visa?
Use the Directorate General of Immigration and Emigration official portal for your nationality’s rules; many nationalities can obtain visa on arrival or e-visa — confirm on the official page. [4]
Is yellow fever vaccination mandatory?
If you are arriving from a yellow-fever endemic country, RBC and immigration will require a vaccination certificate or vaccination on arrival; travellers from non-endemic countries are not universally required to show a certificate. Always check RBC and WHO/CDC for current status. [7][8][9]
Can I buy a gorilla permit from a tour operator?
Operators can book permits on your behalf but the permit must originate from RDB’s official portal and display an RDB confirmation; insist on the official RDB booking confirmation number. [1][3]
What happens if I fall ill before a gorilla trek?
RDB and park guides will not allow visitors with symptoms that could transmit disease to primates to trek; contact RDB bookings immediately to reschedule according to their terms. [1][5]
Are there minimum fitness requirements?
Gorilla and chimp treks range from easy to very strenuous; Volcanoes and Nyungwe official pages describe trail conditions and recommended fitness levels. [5][1]
Are drones allowed in parks?
No national drone policy for parks was found on RDB park pages as a permissive rule; No official guidance found on commercial drone use in national parks as of January 26, 2026; check RDB and park HQ before planning drone use. [1]
How do I report a suspicious permit seller?
Contact RDB via the official contact channels on the VisitRwanda portal and verify your permit with RDB. RDB issues press statements about false permit claims and will assist. [1][2]

References

Each numbered reference below is an official government or statutory authority domain. If a reference is a PDF the label “(PDF)” is appended. Numeric inlinks throughout the article map to these URLs.

Rwanda Development Board — Mountain gorilla tracking / VisitRwanda bookings (gorilla permit price and booking portal). https://visitrwandabookings.rdb.rw/rdbportal/mountain-gorilla-tracking
Rwanda Development Board — Increase of gorilla permit tariffs (RDB press release). https://rdb.rw/increase-of-gorilla-permit-tariffs/
Rwanda Development Board — Low season discount (Gorilla Trekking) / VisitRwanda bookings. https://visitrwandabookings.rdb.rw/rdbportal/low-season-discount
Directorate General of Immigration and Emigration (Rwanda) — Visa services & official visa portal. https://www.migration.gov.rw/visa
Rwanda Development Board — Nyungwe & primate tracking / VisitRwanda booking pages (chimp tracking, canopy walk). https://visitrwandabookings.rdb.rw/rdbportal/hiking-chimpanze-with-guides
VisitRwanda / Akagera National Park official destination page (RDB-managed tourism information). https://visitrwanda.com/destinations/akagera-national-park/
Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC) / Ministry of Health — Information for travellers / Yellow fever vaccination notices. https://rbc.gov.rw/info-note-for-travelers/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) — Travelers’ Health: Rwanda. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/rwanda
World Health Organization (WHO) — Rwanda country page / health profiles. https://www.who.int/countries/rwa
Rwanda Development Board (RDB) — Official site / tourism & park corporate information. https://rdb.rw/
Rwanda Development Board — RDB press releases on Akagera reintroductions and translocations. https://rdb.rw/70-southern-white-rhino-translocated-to-akagera-national-park-rwanda-marking-first-cross-continental-move-for-african-parks-rhino-rewild-initiative/
Rwanda Environment Ministry / national biodiversity & protected areas policy documents (Rwanda biodiversity and protected-area strategy) (PDF). https://www.environment.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Moe/Publications/Strategies/Rwanda_Biodiversity_strategy.pdf (PDF)

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